The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

The Hardy-Weinberg Equation 1The Hardy-Weinberg EquationHow can we make predictions about the characteristics of a population?Why?Punnett squares provide an easy way to predict the possible genotypes for an offspring, but it is not practicalto perform a Punnett square analysis on all possible combinations of all members of a population topredict what the population might look like in the future. For that we must turn to statistics. The HardyWeinbergequation is a tool biologists use to make predictions about a population and to show whether ornot evolution is occurring in that population.Model 1 Controlled (Selective) MatingBbBbBbbbbbbbBbBbBbbbbbbbMales FemalesBbBbBbbbbbbbMales FemalesBbBbBbbbbbbb1. How many mating pairs are illustrated in Model 1?2. Describe the parents in each mating pair in Model 1. Use terms such as homozygous, heterozygous,dominant, and recessive.3. Use two Punnett squares to determine the possible genotypes for offspring from the pairs.2 POGIL Activities for AP* Biology4. If each mating pair has one offspring, predict how many of the first generation offspring willhave the following genotypes.BB Bb bb5. Imagine the 24 beetles in Model 1 as a population in an aquarium tank.a. How likely is the pairing scenario in Model 1 to take place during the natural course of thingswithin that tank?b. Why is Model 1 labeled Selective Mating?6. List two other pairings that might occur in the population in Model 1 if the beetles were allowedto mate naturally.7. If the population of beetles in Model 1 mated naturally would your prediction for the offspringin Question 4 still be valid? Explain.8. Discuss in your group the limitations of Punnett square predictions when it comes to large populations.Summarize the key points of your discussion here.The Hardy-Weinberg Equation 3Model 2 Population GeneticsBb bbBb BbBb BbBb bbbb bbbb bbBb bbBb BbBb BbBb bbbb bbbb bbMales Females9. Compare the organisms in the population in Model 1 with the organisms in the population inModel 2.10. Individually match up twelve mating pairs from the population in Model 2 that might occur in anatural, random mating situation.11. Compare your set of mating pairs with other members of your group. Did your mating schemematch anyone elses in the group?4 POGIL Activities for AP* BiologyRead This!When it comes to mating in natural populations with hundreds or even millions of individuals, it is difficult, maybe even impossible, to think of all the mating scenarios. After several generations of leavingthings up to nature, the alleles that are present in the population will become more and more randomized.Statistics can help biologists predict the outcome of the population when this randomization has occurred.If the population is particularly nonrandom to start, this randomization may take several generations.12. How many total alleles are in the population in Model 2?13. What is the probability of an offspring from the Model 2 population getting a dominant allele?14. What is the probability of an offspring from the Model 2 population getting a recessive allele?15. If p is used to represent the frequency of the dominant allele and q is used to represent the frequencyof the recessive allele, then what will p q equal?16. Use your knowledge of statistics to calculate the probability of an offspring from the Model 2population having each of these genotypes. Support your answers with mathematical equations.(Dont forget there are two ways to get a heterozygous offspringBb or bB.)BB Bb bb17. Check your answers in Question 16 by adding the three values together. Your sum should beequal to one. Explain why the sum of the three answers in Question 16 should be equal to one.18. Using p and q as variables, write formulas for calculating the probability of an offspring from apopulation having each of the following genotypes.BB Bb bb19. Complete the equation:p2 2pq q2=The Hardy-Weinberg Equation 5Read This!The equations you have just developed, p q = 1 and p2 2pq q2= 1, were fi rst developed by G. H.Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg. They represent the distribution of alleles in a population when The population is large. Mating is random. All genotypes are equally likely to reproduce (there is no natural selection). No organisms enter or leave the population (there is no immigration or emigration). No mutations occur.In other words, the group of alleles available in the population must be very stable from generationto generation. If the distribution of genotypes in a population matches that predicted by the HardyWeinbergequation, then the population is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If the distributionof genotypes in a population does not match that predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation, then thepopulation is said to be evolving.20. Consider the requirements for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In the naturalworld, are populations likely to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Justify your reasoning.21. Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disease. The Sickle-cell allele is recessive, but individuals with thehomozygous recessive genotype (ss) often die prematurely due to the disease. This affects approximately9% of the population in Africa. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations to calculate thefollowing:a. The frequency of the recessive allele in the population (q).